![]() ![]() Providing a naturalistic and contextually rich “real-world” scenario to patients increases the ecological validity and reliability of neuropsychological assessments 9. ![]() Recent fast-developing technology played an important role in creating a more realistic and interactive scenario that can be used to evaluate complex functional impairment under more natural conditions 8. Therefore, the SEMT was designed to simultaneously evaluate verbal, visual, and associative memory.Īnother feature that differentiates the SEMT from conventional tests is the use of a 360° video to create a memory test with the experience of a real-life social event. Also, recent studies have shown that the capacity of associative memory, which involves linking two different pieces of information to each other (e.g., name and face, object and place), is significantly reduced in patients with amyloid depositions compared to those without amyloid depositions 4, 5, 6, 7. This video clip was designed based on previous studies reporting that episodic memory is more associated with increased amyloid burden than other cognitive domains 2, 3. Unlike conventional cognitive tests, in our task called the Social Event Memory Test (SEMT), participants were asked to recall events after watching a short video clip that simulated a real-life social event: a birthday party scene where a host and six invitees casually converse about their personal lives. Thus, there is an urgent need to generate novel cognitive tests that are patient-friendly, less uncomfortable, and ecologically valid tests that can reflect cognitive function in daily life. In addition, most memory tests measure verbal and visual memory separately, although they are incorporated in reality. Furthermore, standard neuropsychological tests are different from what people experience in ordinary daily life, which can produce participant discomfort during the test. However, the examination is time-consuming and has a high cost, leading to reduced motivation of the participants and failure to complete the test in some cases. On the other hand, neuropsychological batteries have the advantage of analysing various domains of cognition in detail. Screening tests such as the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) are short and easy to administer, but are not sensitive enough to detect amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) 1. Therefore, early diagnosis is critical, and neuropsychological evaluation is one of the most efficient ways to screen individuals with cognitive impairment. The high correlation between the SEMT score and amyloid positivity in individuals who experienced virtual social gathering through an HMD opens a new possibility for early diagnosis of AD.Įarly intervention is crucial to improving the prognosis and reducing the morbidity associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, a classifier was created using support vector machine, which produced 93.8–95.1% sensitivity in classifying individuals into four groups of normal, mild cognitive impairment with or without amyloid, and AD elderly. Using the SEMT scores, we built a logistic regression model that discriminated between amyloid positivity and negativity of the participants, with a cross-validation AUC. We categorized the SEMT score into recall, recognition, and place-matching scores and compared them to scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and Seoul Verbal Learning Test. Participants watched the 7-min video through head-mounted display (HMD) and then answered questionnaire about the video. A scenario for real-world social event memory test (SEMT) was created and filmed in 360° video. Here, we aimed to develop an inexpensive and sensitive method to detect early-stage AD. However, the expanding resources for AD diagnosis are unlikely to benefit all elderly due to economic burden. Recent improvements in neuroimaging and molecular markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have aided diagnosis in the early stage of the disease, which greatly increases the chance for successful prevention and treatment. ![]()
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